Underground Electric

Underground Electric
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Are underground electric power lines less efficient than above-ground lines?

Efficiency is a relative term.

From a line loss perspective, the underground circuit is more efficient. There are fewer line losses on an underground circuit due to the tight spacing of the conductors. On an overhead line, the bare wires are spaced far apart. This spacing combined with the sinusoidal AC power creates extra losses know as reactance. (referred to as X) The wider the conductor spacing the higher the X. The conductor resistance (R) and the reactance are combined into an overall impedance.

Underground cables need a larger conductor to handle the same amperage as a smaller overhead conductor. This is due to the difficulty of dissipating heat to the earth. Larger conductors means higher cost.

The cost of construction for an underground transmission line is 5 to 10 times that of an equivalent overhead circuit.

Overhead distribution circuits are much easier to modify to serve customers or make change other changes. A simple set of fuses on an overhead circuit might cost $200, yet the underground equivalent costs over $10,000.

Underground cables are manufactured with a specific voltage rating. Overhead wire has no voltage rating. That is determined by the insulators and ratings of all the other equipment in the circuit. Over the years many distribution systems have “grown” from 2.4 kV up to 12.47 kV (or higher) all the while using the same wire.

Overhead circuits can often be worked on while they are still energized. Nearly all work on underground circuits is performed while things are de-energized and grounded.

Hope this helps.

You want a high quality and care-free fence you can rely on, right? The invisible fences that are designed to last and last are virtually always those composed and constructed with galvanized steel wire. The technicians must consider the environmental elements and all possible damage the underground construction may have to endure. Galvanized steel wire is inexpensive as well as long lasting and guaranteed to be your best bet when you want to install a permanent invisible fence.

Standard sizes for the wiring of underground electric fences are: 1.6mm, 2.5mm, or 3.2mm. Heavier gauges should, of course, be used when you are building or installing a permanent invisible fence that will be longer. You can use the 1.6mm gauge for an area up to about 10km and still receive normal electrical performance. But if your space is any larger you will have to move up to 2.5mm or possibly 3.2mm wiring for your electric fence.

To contain animals by means of an electrical boundary, the concept is relatively simple. A typical invisible, electrical fence will react to a special collar that you put on your dog, for example, when he or she goes out into the yard. The electric fence will send an audible signal when the dog approaches the boundary too closely. If the dog (or other animal) continues to approach the underground line, a shock of painful, but not harmful, voltage will zap the animal in the neck (like a tazer) through small mechanisms on the collar itself. The electric fence is a successful way of keeping many animals free to roam their own yards and these fences are even used to contain entire ranches of cattle (as one example) without incident.

Permanent invisible fences work their very best when they are composed with wires containing the proper materials. The perfection of your fence is dependent on the high quality of materials used in permanent invisible fencing merchandise and installation equipment. Be sure to use electrical fencing equipment made of the most excellent materials available on the market today. When you do, you will have the most effective and long lasting invisible fence possible. Other kinds of wiring systems may not be effective enough or long lasting enough to be permanent – so be sure to use high quality materials for a high quality result.

Anne Clarke writes numerous articles for websites on gardening, parenting, fashion, and home decor. Her background includes teaching, gardening, and fashion. For more of her articles on pet enclosures, please visit InvisibleElectricDogFence.com, supplier of high quality Invisible Wireless Dog Fences and Electric Dog Fences.

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